INDIA, HINDUTVA AND HISTORY
CHAPTER 15: THE VIJAYANAGAR-BAHMANI COMPLEX
Understanding medieval South Indian kings as competitors and collaborators-“Hindu Age”, a misnomer-rise of Bahmani-Vijayanagar in tandem-Zafar Khan and Kapala Nayaka ally against Tughlaq-Delhi Sultanate is expelled from the Deccan-alliances between Bahmani Sultanate and surrounding Hindu rajas-Vijayanagar expands by defeating Hindu kingdoms-Hindu orthodoxy opposes Hakka and Bukka || rise of the hybrid Dakkhani figure || balance of powers between Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Warangal-cross religious alliances and intra-religious hostilities-alliance between Deva Raya of Vijayanagar and Feroze Shah Bahmani-alliance between Bahmani rebels and Bukka Raya of Vijayanagar-conflict between Reddys and Vijayanagar-rising aggression by Kalinga against Vijayanagar and Telugu Velamas || medieval South India as a global and local arena of opportunity and upward mobility-rise of governors of Hindu origin in Bahmani Sultanate || fall of the Madurai Sultanate || internecine strife in the House of Vijayanagar || Afaqi against Dakkhani, and other divides in the Bahmani Sultanate
CHAPTER 16: THE HYBRID DAKKHANI CULTURE UNDER THE DECCAN SULTANATES AND VIJAYANAGAR RAJAS
collapse of the Bahmani Sultanate-Bahmani governors rebel to form the Deccan Sultanates-Tulus overthrow Saluvas of Vijayanagar-Aravidus overthrow Tulus of Vijayanagar || wars among Hindu rajas at the time of the Deccan Sultanates-alliances between Vijayanagar and various Deccan Sultans || syncretic culture of the Deccan Sultanates and Vijayanagar kingdom-mixed armies-Dakkhani miniature art-linguistic assimilation and adoption of native tongues by Deccan Sultans || establishment of Madurai and Tanjore Nayakas || emergence of Rama Raya as chief arbiter in the Deccan-Battle of Talikota
CHAPTER 17: NAYAKA, HABSHI AND MARATHA RULE, EUROPEAN INCURSIONS AND CHRISTIANITY IN SOUTH INDIA
After Talikota-internecine strife among Vijayanagar rayas-alliances between Vijayanagar and Deccan Sultans || Wadiyars of Mysore and Nayakas of Tanjore and Madurai join the Deccan theatre-alliance between Chikka Deva Wadiyar and Aurangzeb-conflict between Madurai Nayakas and Mysore Wadiyars-conflict between Madurai and Tanjore Nayakas-alliances between Tanjore and Deccan Sultanates || arena of ambition-Marathas and Habshis rise in the Deccan-Malik Ambar-Ekoji in Tanjore-Maratha ouster of Tanjore Nayakas-Marathas attack Mysore || Mysore raja brutally represses and taxes his Hindu subjects-the Setupatis || encouragement of European powers in the Deccan by Hindu rajas-spread of Christianity-acceptance and protection of Chrisitan missionaries and proselytization-Father G Fernandes-Roberto de Nobili-John de Britto-Persecution of Christians || emergence of Tamil Muslim literature
CHAPTER 18: THE LAST OF THE GREAT DAKKHANIS
Shivaji-Aurangzeb || Hindu orthodoxy opposes Shivaji || Shivaji-Ekoji conflicts- Shivaji’s betrayals and raids of Hindu rajas and merchants || Shivaji as a classic Dakkhani figure-Shivaji’s praise of the Mughals || Madurai’s alliance with Auranzeb || in-fighting and betrayal among the Marathas after Shivaji-Shambhaji’s attacks of Mysore and Madurai-Shahuji-rise of the Maratha Peshwas || English, French and other powers in the Deccan-Yusuf Khan || Haider Ali-Tipu Sultan || English East India company take-over of Tanjore, Mysore, Madurai and Arcot-rebellion of 1801-South Indian Hindus do not join Revolt of 1857
summing up || neo-Hindutva || spiritual crisis and demoralisation in contemporary Hindu society || the question for Tamil Brahmins
BIBLIOGRAPHY, REFERENCES AND INDEX
INDEX
BY THEME
(see PDF version for page numbers)
Ancient Tamilakam – Cholas – Pandyas – Cheras
– Satvahanas – Andhra Ishkavakus – Vakatakas – Kalabhras - Gangas – Pallavas –
Kadambas – Chalukyas – Rashtrakutas – Hoysalas – Yadavas – Kakatiyas –
Kalachuris – Vijayanagar – Telugu Nayakas – Marathas || Greek and Roman
Influence in South India - Amaravati School of Art || War, raids, tribute and expansion as
universal instruments of kingship || Matrimonial alliances among royals as an
instrument of statecraft || Decentralisation and federation, ancient and
widespread history of || Smaller Kingdoms, under-rated and sidelined in
historical understanding || Suzerainty, properly understood as strategic
agreements between sovereigns, not subordination - Aryan Migration and
Conquest in South India – Who was the “original” Indian || Hinduism, never the
sole and not always the dominant religion in South India and wider region - Ancient
worship of megaliths, chamber temples and hero-stones – Buddhism - Early Buddhist sites – Jainism - Early Jain sites - Jain
Temples - Jain royals in South India – Buddhist and Jain goddess
worship and female imagery - Conversion of Buddhists and Jains - Persecution
of Buddhists and Jains - How Hinduism Competed with Other Religions in
South India - Vedic to Puranic/Agamic Hinduism - Tamil Bhakti movement
- Priest-ideologues – Shankaracharya – Ramanujacharya - conflict with
Buddhists and Jains || Hindu Temples - First appearance of Hindu Shrines
and Temples in South India – Evolution of Design of Hindu Temples
- Hindu structures appearing at earlier Buddhist and Jain sites - Temples
and the Hindu Mind || Arts, understanding India’s syncretic and
inclusive heritage through its arts, literature and architecture || Culture,
understanding India’s cultural continuity || Communal Understanding of
British Raj Tamil Historians || religious eclecticism among ancient
South Indian kings - multi-religious ethos of South Indian kings - multicultural
and liberal ethos of South Indian kings - intervention by ancient South
Indian kings, artists and thinkers to resolve religious conflict - support
to declining creeds by ancient South Indian royals - tradition of open
debate in ancient South India || multireligious ethos in legend and lore
- Sulatani-Tulukka Nacchiyar-Muslim idols in Vishnu temples of South India
- Kabir and Jagannath Temple-Kabir Chaura Math - Shreenathji of Nathdwara -Pirs
of Medina - Chand Bibi || Greater Asia: South India in Context of Wider
Region in Ancient and Early Medieval Times - migration to India from Eurasian
Steppes – Persianisation of Arab Kingdoms in West and Central Asia –Turko-Persianate
Culture - early Islamic culture - Religious tolerance and acceptance
among Turks - Abbasid Caliphate as having only nominal influence on
Turko-Persianate Kingdoms || Islam and arrival of Sultans to India, not
a civilisational shock - early contact of India with Islam - Early contact
of India with Arabia- Arabs, Tajiks and Yavanas in South India || Mongols, as a
vital and misunderstood part of our history - rout of the Arabs and
Turks by Mongols - defeat of Abbasid Caliphate by Hulegu Khan - Impact
of Mongol conquests on morale and politics of Turko-Persians || Religious
tolerance and acceptance among Mongols - Sufism under the Mongols - Adoption
of Islam by Mongols, gradual and politic || Religious diversity under
Chagatai Khanate - Turko-Persianate culture under the Mongols – Sufism
under the Timurids - Cross-religious identity in Chagatai Kingdom at the
birth of Babur || understanding Islam in India in context of Sufism -
influence of and interaction with other religions - Sufi mysticism,
and yogic and meditational practices – Sufism in South India -
Dargahs of Nagapattinam - Syncretic Sufi traditions || Hindu Age, a
misnomer - rivalry and aggression among Hindu rajas during Delhi Sultanate
forays into South India - Hindu and Muslims in the Deccan unite against
Mohammad bin Tughlaq - rivalry and aggression among Hindu rajas during Bahmani
Sultanate - rivalry and aggression among Hindu rajas in the age of the Deccan
Sultanates - Krishnadeva Raya’s support of the Bahmani throne - alliances
between Vijayanagar and various Deccan Sultans - Vijayanagar seeks alliance
with Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan - Alliance between Chikka Deva Wadiyar and
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb - Ekoji’s usurpation of Tanjore throne from Hindu
rajas - Mysore Raja brutally represses and taxes his Hindu subjects - Shivaji’s
betrayals and raids of Hindu rajas and merchants - Shivaji’s numerous alliances
with Aurangzeb - Shivaji’s praise for the Mughals - Shahaji (Shivaji’s
grandson) regard for the Mughals - infighting and betrayal among the Marathas
after Shivaji - Mysore-Madurai-Ramnad-Tanjore-Maratha wars - Aurangzeb-Madurai
alliance - Hindus of South India do not join Revolt of 1857 || Delhi
Sultanate - treatment of Chauhan dynasty - pluralistic and liberal ethos
of -syncretism as a central pillar of Delhi Sultanate policy - Sufism
in Delhi Sultanate - Iltutmish overruling the Muslim orthodoxy - Attitude
towards Abbasid Caliphat and Mongols - Decentralised rule under Delhi
Sultanate - Formative cultural impact on India, roots of modern India ||
Delhi Sultanate enters the Deccan theatre - First excursions of Delhi
Sultanate into the Deccan- Alliances between South Indian rajas and
Delhi Sultanate - Delhi Sultanate’s engagement in the Deccan as heralding the
age of modern Indian polity, sowing the seeds of political union between North
and South India - Turning the mirror on Hindu society at the start of
the Delhi Sultanate, implications of closed attitude of Hindu society on
the religious question under the Sultans || Understanding medieval South
Indian kings as competitors and collaborators, not enemies, whether religious or
other – Hindu and Muslim chiefs ally to expel Delhi Sultanate from the Deccan -
the Bahmani-Vijayanagar Complex - Alliances between Bahmani Sultanate
and surrounding Hindu rajas - Inter-religious conflict and wars in the
Bahmani Age - Expansion of Vijayanagar Kingdom by defeating Hindu
kingdoms - Wars among Hindu Rajas in the time of the Deccan Sultanates -
Alliances between Vijayanagar and various Deccan Sultanates - Rama Raya
as Chief Arbiter in the Deccan arena - Rama Raya’s Peace Treaty - the
Battle of Talikota, communalisation of - After Talikota - Internecine
strife among Vijayanagar rayas - Alliances between House of Vijayanagar
and Deccan Sultans - Alliance between Chikka Deva Wadiyar and Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb - Encouragement of European Powers by Hindu Rajas in the
Deccan - Christianity - Adoption of Christianity in Tamil country - Permission
to proselytise and protection of Christian Jesuit missionaries by Hindu rulers
of South India - Persecution of Christians in Tamil country || Medieval
South India as a Global and Local Arena of Opportunity and Upward Mobility -
Mixed armies of the medieval South Indian kings - Hindu Orthodoxy
repeatedly opposes the rise of brilliant new aspiring Hindu rajas – Habshis
and Marathas in the Deccan || Religious tolerance among the Mughals - Sufism
under the Mughals - Mughal resistance of Muslim orthodoxy - syncretism
in art and literature - hybrid and syncretic traditional artforms and
literature - shared metaphors and literary devices in Sufi and Bhakti
literature - Carnatic Music - Hindustani Classical Music - Dhrupad Music - Dakkhani
miniature art - literature of the Deccan Sultanates – Hindavi - 17th
century writing by Tamil Muslims - linguistic hybridity, multilingualism and
prestige of non-Sanskrit languages in ancient South India - linguistic
assimilation and adoption of native tongues by Deccan Sultans - Bijapur
Sultanate replaces Persian with Kannada and Marathi - Golconda Sultanate adopts
Telugu language || hybrid Dakkhani culture of medieval South India- Classic
Indian syncretic figures down the ages – Ashoka - Pallava Mahendravarman – Iltutmish
- Amir Khusroe - Harihara and Bukka Raya, founders of Vijayanagar Kingdom - Feroze
Shah Bahmani - Inter-religious Lingayat-Sufi cult of Ahmad Shah Bahmani -Krishnadeva
Raya - Deva Raya II of Vijayanagar - Rama Raya of Vijayanagar - Ibrahim Adil
Shah I of Bijapur -Ibrahim Qutb Shah of Golconda, “Ibrahim Chakravarti” - Ibrahim
Adil Shah II of Bijapur, “Jagat Guru” - Akbar - Chistia sufis and Akbar’s
syncretic project for India - Ain-e-Akbari - Sulh-i-Kul - Ibadat Khana - Nava
Ratnas - Abul Fazl - Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan (“Rahim”) – Tansen – Kabir - Malik
Ambar - Shahaji Bhonsle (Shivaji’s father) – Shivaji - Tirumala Nayaka of
Madurai - Yusuf Khan - Haider Ali - Tipu Sultan || Neo-Hindutva - Neo-Hindutva imagery, violation of millennia-old
Hindu aesthetics - Neo-Hindutva project for the youth - Grooming of
Tourist Guides - Hindutva bullying and intimidation tactics - spiritual
crisis and demoralisation in contemporary Hindu society – politics of
Periyar - TM Krishna - the question for Tamil Brahmins
|
Brahmins of
Tamil Nadu/ “Tam Brams” general, 1, 10, 12, 17,
147-148, 152, 344, 348, 351-352 TM Krishna,
controversy over,
pg. 350, 355 Periyar, politics of,
pg. 350
Aryan Migration
and Conquest in South India, pg. 57-59, 62-64, 158, Chapter 5,
generally.
Greek and Roman
Influence in South India, pg. Chapter 2 and Chapter 11, pg. 41, 211 Amaravati School
of Art,
pg. 19-24 in Performance
Arts 30-33
War, raids,
tribute and expansion as universal instruments of kingship pg. 4-6, 34-35,
46, 50, 52-53, 50-51, 192, 202-204
Matrimonial alliances
among royals as an instrument of statecraft pg. 17, 24, 29,
36-39, 96, 155, 162-163, 186, 231, 251, 274, 276, 287, 290, 306
Decentralisation
and federation, ancient and widespread history of generally, pg. 38-43, 180 Decentralised
rule under Persian and Arab Empires, pg. 41, 191, 201, 211
Smaller
Kingdoms, under-rated and sidelined in historical understanding, pg. 51
Suzerainty,
properly understood as strategic agreements between sovereigns, not
subordination,
pg. 4, 6, 36, 38-41, 53
Hinduism, never
the sole and not always the dominant religion in South India and wider region, Chapters 5, 6,
7, 11 to 13, 17 generally, pg. 14, 19, 77, 211, 320.
Ancient worship
of megaliths, chamber temples and hero-stones, pg. 14, 58, 74-75,
98 Buddhism, pg. 3, 11, 14,
19, 26, 29, 36, 66, 70, 74-77, 159, 212 Early Buddhist
sites generally, pg. 66-70, in Andhra-Telangana in coastal
Andhra, generally, pg. 69 in Amaravati,
Satvahana capital: pg. 19, 29, 41, 68-69, 117. in Bhattiprolu:
pg. 69 in Guntapalli:
pg. 69 in
Nagarjunkonda, Andhra Ishkavaku capital: pg. 19, 21, 31-33, 70, 95, 99. in Sankaran
Hills, Vizagapatnam: pg. 69 in Telangana:
pg. 70 Jain Rock Beds, pg. 70-74
Jain Temples in Tamil Nadu Arivar Kovil,
pg. 72 Kanchipuram, pg.
77-78 in Arcot,
rock-cut idols and temples, pg. 80-81
in Karnataka,
pg. 78, 80, 82-89, 82-83 of the Gangas
and Kadambas, pg. 120-123
in Andhra,
pg. 84-85
Jain royals in South
India early Pallavas,
pg. 77-78 early Pandyas,
pg. 78, 179 Kalabhras, pg.
78 Kadambas, pg.
84, Chalukyas, pg.
84 Sendrakas, pg.
84 early Eastern
Chalukyas, pg. 84 early Kakatiyas,
pg. 85 early Reddys,
pg. 85 Rashtrakutas,
pg. 85, 117, 120 Taila Chalukyas,
pg. 85-86 Rattas, pg. 86 Silharas, pg. 86 Santaras, pg. 86 Hoysalas, pg.
86, 120-121, 139, 163 Vijayanagar
rajas, pg. 88 kept alive by
royal women after kings begin espousing Hinduism, pg. 162
Jain goddess
worship and female imagery, Ambika, pg. 130, Honnadevi, pg.
129-130, Jvalamalini, pg. 130, Kiltabel Eretti Bhatari, pg. 129-130, Lakshmi,
pg. 130, Padmavati, pg. 119, 130, Pulikkrubhibhatara, pg. 129-130, Saraswati,
pg, 129-130, Yakshinis, pg. 125
Jain
iconography, serpents and many-headed snakes, pot-bellied deities, tantra, pg. 126-128,
131
Jain Murals: pg. 72-73
Jain writers and
literature, pg. 74, 171,
175, 178-179
Conversion of
Jains to Shaivism,
pg. 78, 86, 101, 138, 160, 163
Conversion of
Jains to Vaishnavism, pg. 150-152
Persecution of
Jains,
pg. 117-120, 124, 128-129, 138-139, 146, 159-160, 164
Difficulty in
determining whether temple, idol or shrine is Buddhist, Jain or Hindu, pg. 124
Hindu structures
appearing at earlier Buddhist and Jain sites, hostile or friendly?, pg. 116 to
124, 138 to 140
Temples and the
Hindu Mind,
pg. 140-143
Arts,
understanding India’s syncretic and inclusive heritage through its arts,
literature and architecture pg. 7-9, 12, 16-17, 19-33, 60-63, 74,
101, 146, 170-182, 207, 218-219, 291-298, 301, 317-318, 346; 316. Chapter 10,
generally
Culture,
understanding India’s cultural continuity, pg. 8-9, 12, 168-170, 180-182,
193-194, 199-200, 202, 219 Communal
Understanding of British Raj Tamil Historians, pg 7, 61-63,
253-254, 262, 284-285, 304, 309-310
Greater Asia:
South India in Context of Wider Region in Ancient and Early Medieval Times pg. 11, 229,
Chapter 2, 11-13, generally migration to
India from Eurasian Steppes, pg. 61, 76 Bactrians, pg. 24, 26-27,
211-212 Shakas, pg. 28-29, 77,
162, 186, 212, 229 Parthians/Pahlavas, pg.
28-29, 186, 212 Kushans, pg. 28-29, 41,
77, 186, 212 Persia, pg. 19, 63,
186, 188, 190-191, 193, 210-211, 215 Persianisation
of Arab Kingdoms in West and Central Asia, pg. 194 China, pg. 19, 190,
210, 212, 214, 270 Marco Polo in China, pg.
230 Huns, pg. 26,
183-184, 186, 188, 212 Byzantine Empire, pg. 190, 192,
230 Turks of Lahore, pg. 212 Buddhism in
Greater Asia, pg.
211 Buddhist Rais of
Sindh,
pg. 212
Ghazn, Kingdom
of,
pg. 192, 194, 199-203, 214, 216
Turko-Persianate
Culture, generally, pg. 193-194,
199, 202 early Islamic
culture,
193 Buddhist-Muslim
alliances in Turko-Persianate Age, pg. 202 Buddhism and
Nestorian Christians under Turks, pg. 202 Religious
tolerance and acceptance among Turks 184-185, 215 gradual adoption
of Islam by Turks,
guided by political and social considerations, pg. 192 Porous, flexible
and contingent religious identity of early Turks in Central and South Asia,
pg. 201
Cross-religious
identity in Chagatai Kingdom at the birth of Babur, pg. 235 Conflict with
Uzbegs,
pg. 236
Sufism, understanding
Islam in India in context of generally, pg. 194-199,
206, 249 at the time of
Prophet Mohammad,
pg. 194
influence of and
interaction with
Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Jainism, Hindu yogis and other creeds,
pg. 196-197, 207 Sufi mysticism,
and yogic and meditational practices, pg. 207, 235, 238
in Iraq,
pg. 194, 197 in Khurasan,
pg. 197-198 in Lahore,
pg. 199, 210-211, 214 in Nishapur,
pg. 197 in Naqshband,
pg. 197, 233, see also “Naqshbandi Sufis” in Pakistani
Punjab, pg. 199 in Rum,
pg. 198 in Sindh,
pg. 198, 210-212 in Sri Lanka,
pg. 199 (legend of Adam’s Peak) in Ajmer,
pg. 207 in Nagaur,
207 in Delhi,
207, see also “Sufism in Delhi Sultanate”
in South
India, pg. 244-246 Dargahs of
Nagapattinam,
pg. 245-246
See also “Sufism
under the Mongols”, “Sufism under the Timurids” “Sufism under
the Mughals”
Syncretic Sufi
traditions,
pg. 196, 213, 217, 227, 238 Liberal and
humane ethos,
pg. 243-244
Music and dance
as a core sufi practice (“sama”), pg. 197 qawwali, pg. 214
Sufis as a source of
moral and cultural authority in Muslim society, 194 vegetarianism
among Indian sufis,
pg. 207, 221 austerity among
sufis,
207
proselytization
of Islam by,
pg. 196, 226-227
Baba Farid, pg. 199, 207,
217-218, 226-227, 238 Data Ganj Baksh, pg. 199 Khwaja Moinuddin
Chisti,
pg. 207, 214, 243 Nizamuddin
Auliya,
pg. 217-221, 227, 243-244, 255 Qazi Hamid
Nagauri Suhrawardy,
pg. 214 Qutubuddin
Bakhtiya Kaki,
pg. 214, 217 Rumi, pg. 196, 198,
206
Nayakas); 333
(Shivaji’s sacking of Mysore); 336 (Shambhaji’s attacks of Mysore and
Madurai); 336 (Aurangzeb-Madurai alliance); 344 (Hindus of South India do not
join Revolt of 1857)
Islam and arrival
of Sultans to India, not a civilisational shock early contact of
India with Islam,
centuries before entry of first Muslim kings pg. 209-210, 212-214, 252, 302 Kazimar Mosque
in Madurai, pg. 210 Mosques and Arab
inscriptions in Trichy, pg. 210 Early contact of
India with Arabia generally, pg. 208 Arabs, Tajiks
and Yavanas in South India, : pg. 18, 209 (appointed as port
officials) Tajiks, in South
India:
pg. 19 Yavanas in
Ancient South India:
pg. 18 Pallava
awareness of Arabs
in North West Indian sub-continent, pg. 210
Delhi Sultanate generally, pg. 203-204,
206-207 in Ajmer, pg. 214 treatment of
Chauhan dynasty,
pg. 214 pluralistic and
liberal ethos of,
214-226, 260-263 syncretism as a
central pillar of Delhi Sultanate policy, pg. 226 Sufism in Delhi
Sultanate,
pg. 214 to 226, 236-237, 239 Iltutmish
overruling the Muslim orthodoxy, pg. 214-215 Attitude towards
Abbasid Caliphat and Mongols, pg. 216
Decentralised
rule under Delhi Sultanate, pg. 214
Formative
cultural impact on India, roots of modern India, pg. 219
Delhi Sultanate
enters the Deccan theatre First excursions
of Delhi Sultanate into the Deccan generally, 250 Alliances
between South Indian rajas and Delhi Sultanate Yadava-Khilji
Alliance,
pg. 250-251, 253 Kakatiya-Khilji
Alliance,
251, 253-254 Hoysala-Khilji
Alliance,
pg. 252 Sundara Pandya
reaches out to Alauddin Khilji for an Alliance, pg. 252
Tughlaq’s push
into the Deccan,
pg. 233 Mohammad bin
Tughlaq moves capital to Deogarh/Daulatabad, pg. 254 Kampili-Gushtap
Alliance,
pg. 255-256 Kampili’s sons
appointed amirs
by Mohammad bin Tughlaq, pg. 256
Alliance of
Vijayanagar with Muslim rulers of Gujarat, Malwa and Khandesh, pg. 273 Alliance between
Deva Raya of Vijayanagar and Feroze Shah Bahmani, pg. 274
Conflict between
Reddys and Vijayanagar, pg. 274 Sultan of
Gujarat refuses assistance to Feroze Shah Bahmani, pg. 274 Alliance of
Bahmani rebels with Bukka Raya of Vijayanagar, pg. 276
Vijayanagar
provinces raided by Kalinga (Odisha) raja and Telugu Velamas; pg. 277 Vijayanagar
challenged by its governors and generals, pg. 277, 284
Saluvas
overthrow Sangamas of Vijayanagar, pg. 279 Conflict,
betrayal and assassinations in House of Vijayanagar, pg. 279, 283-285,
288
Bahmani
Governors rebel,
pg. 282
Alliance between
Narasa Nayaka of Vijayanagar and Bahmani Sultanate, pg. 283
Tulus overthrow
Saluvas of Vijayanagar, pg. 283 Aravidus
overthrow Tulus of Vijayanagar, pg. 284, 302
Vijayanagar
capital is shifted to Penukonda, Andhra, pg. 299 Vijayanagar
capital is shifted to Chandragiri, Andhra, pg. 302 Vijayanagar
capital is shifted to Vellore, Tamil Nadu, pg. 303
Deccan
Sultanates formation of, pg. 282-283
Wars among Hindu
Rajas in the time of the Deccan Sultanates Conflict between
Vijayanagar and Kalinga, pg. 284 War between Ganga
Raya and Vijayanagar, pg. 287 War between Cholas
and Pandyas, pg. 287
Alliances
between Vijayanagar and various Deccan Sultanates, Chapter 16,
generally Bijapur Sultan
mediates between Vijayanagar Rayas, pg. 289-290 Alliance between
Rama Raya of Vijayanagar and Golconda Sultanate, pg. 290
Rama Raya as
Chief Arbiter in the Deccan arena, pg. 299 Rama Raya’s
Peace Treaty,
pg. 299 the Battle of
Talikota, communalisation of pg. 299-300 Syncretism in
India
religious
concord, generally,
pg. 161-167, 222-223.
religious
eclecticism among ancient South Indian kings pg. 77, 86, 162 multi-religious
ethos of South Indian kings pg. 139-140,
162, 163, 246 multicultural
and liberal ethos of South Indian kings, pg. 178, 180 intervention by
ancient South Indian kings, artists and thinkers to resolve religious
conflict,
pg. 164-167 support to
declining creeds by ancient South Indian royals, pg. 163, 178-179 tradition of
open debate in ancient South India, pg. 170, 175
multireligious
ethos in legend and lore, pg. 151,153-157, 226 (Sulatani-Tulukka Nacchiyar-Muslim
idols in Vishnu temples of South India), 155 (Kabir and Jagannath
Temple-Kabir Chaura Math), 156-157 (Shreenathji of Nathdwara-Pirs of
Medina-Chand Bibi)
syncretism in
art and literature,
generally, Chapter 2, 10, 11. See also “Arts”, “Culture”, “Sufism”, “Sufis”,
“Religion” hybrid and
syncretic traditional artforms and literature shared metaphors
and literary devices in Sufi and Bhakti literature, pg. 197, 223-224, 296-297;
Carnatic Music, pg. 8-9, 31, 60, 138, 177, 219, 224, 225 316; Hindustani
Classical Music, pg. 218-219; Dhrupad Music, pg. 240-241; Dakkhani miniature
art, pg. 291-298, literature of the Deccan Sultanates, pg. 291-298; Hindavi,
pg. 218, 238 (use of, by Indian Sufis); 17th century writing by
Tamil Muslims, pg. 323
Jainism and
Sufis of Gwalior,
pg. 238-240 Jainism and
Sufis of South India, pg. 246
linguistic
hybridity, multilingualism and prestige of non-Sanskrit languages in ancient
South India,
pg. 63, 176-178 linguistic
assimilation and adoption of native tongues by Deccan Sultans Bijapur
Sultanate replaces Persian with Kannada and Marathi, pg. 289 Golconda
Sultanate adopts Telugu language, pg. 290-291
hybrid Dakkhani
figure of medieval South India pg. 269-270,
273, 277, 289-298, 300, 309, 311-313
Classic Indian
syncretic figures down the ages Ashoka, pg.
166-167; Ashoka’s Edicts, pg. 144, 166-167, 171
|
in Tamil Nadu in Kanchipuram,
pg. 66 in
Kaveripattinam, Pumpuhar, pg. 67 in Pallavaneswaram,
pg. 67
in Maharashtra in Nasik, pg.
67, 77 in Kanheri, pg.
67 in Ajanta: pg.
29, 67-68 in Ellora: pg.
68-69, 117 in Mahakali,
north of Mumbai: pg. 68 in Pune: pg. 68
in Goa,
pg 68
in Karnataka in Sannathi, Gulbarga,
pg. 70, 124
in Odisha,
pg. 70
in Madhya
Pradesh, pg. 70
from Sri Lanka, pg. 95, 97,
140, 163
refutation of
Vedas,
pg. 158-159 patronage of
among South Indian royals, pg. 78, 140 kept alive by
royal women after kings begin espousing Hinduism, pg. 162 Buddhist writers
and literature,
pg. 179
idol worship, pg. 97, 99 goddess worship,
female imagery,
pg. 124-126, 130-131
Persecution of
Buddhists,
pg. 117, 128, 145-146 Jainism pg. 3, 17, 19,
24, 36, 75-76, 159, 212
refutation of
Vedas,
pg. 158-159
Jainism in
Sangam Literature,
pg. 74
Early Jain sites in Tamil Nadu in Chitaral, pg.
74 in Erode, pg. 73 in Madurai, pg.
71 in Mankulam
(Mangulam) Hills, pg. 72 in Pudukkottai,
pg. 71, 72 (Sittanavasal), 140 in
Thiruparankundram, pg. 71, 140 in Trichy, pg.
73
in Pondicherry,
pg. 73
in Odisha,
pg. 74 Similarities in
imagery and inscriptional language of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist sacred sites, pg. 124-138 Lingas, not
always Shaivite,
pg. 128
Lingayats, pg. 53
Christianity Adoption of
Christianity in Tamil country, pg. 302-304, 308-309, 320-322
Permission to
proselytise and protection of Christian missionaries by Hindu rulers of South
India,
pg. 302, 320 Jesuits in Tamil
country,
Father G Fernandez, pg. 302, Roberto di Nobili, pg. 305-306, 308, John de
Britto, martyrdom of, pg. 320 Persecution of
Christians
in Tamil country, pg. 309
How Hinduism
Competed with Other Religions in South India Vedic to
Puranic/Agamic Hinduism, pg. 91-93, 160-161 Non-Vedic
Agamika traditions
in South India, pg. 92-94 adoption of
South Indian gods into Vedic Pantheon: pg. 58
Tamil Bhakti movement, pg.
93, 141, 145-146, 148, 161, 171
Idol worship,
inspired by Jain practices, pg. 94 Matts, inspired
by Buddhist Sanghas,
pg. 144-145
Priest-ideologues Shankaracharya,
pg. 145-146 Ramanujacharya,
pg. 149
conflict with
Buddhists and Jains,
pg. 158- 161 inter-communal
conflict,
pg. 141, 151-152, 161 conflict with
Christianity,
pg. 161 Also see,
Persecution of Buddhists, Persecution of Jains, Conversion of Jains to
Shaivism, Conversion of Jains to Vaishnavism
Hindu Temples First appearance
of Hindu Shrines and Temples in South India: pg. 91, 94-95 Early cave and
rock-cut temples and shrines, pg. 100 to 104
Architecture and
Design of Hindu Temples Megalith,
Buddhist and Jain influences, pg. 97 to 116. Chapter 7, generally. temple height,
its relevance and misrepresentation by the Hindu Right, pg. 105-110. size of temples,
factors affecting,
pg. 111, 113 to 116
Abbasid
Caliphate as having only nominal influence on Turko-Persianate Kingdoms, pg. 201-202
Khwarizm Shah’s
defiance of Abbasid Caliphate, pg. 202 Mahmud Ghazni’s
defiance of Abbasid Caliphate, pg. 201 Abbasid
governors declaring independence, pg. 212
Ghuris, the, pg.
202-204, 214 defeat of
Ismailis by Ghuri,
pg. 203 defeat of Ghuri
in Gujarat,
pg. 203 defeat of
Chauhan kingdom by Ghuri, pg. 203, 207 conquest of
North and East India by Ghuri, pg. 203 Ghurid Empire, pg. 204 , assassination of
Ghuri,
pg. 203
Impact of Mongol
conquests on morale and politics of Turko-Persians, pg. 206-207,
215, 234
Mongols, as a
vital and misunderstood part of our history pg. 11, 229-231,
233 rout of the
Arabs and Turks by Mongols, pg. 201, 201-202, 205; defeat of
Abbasid Caliphate by Hulegu Khan, pg. 201-202
Religious
tolerance and acceptance among Mongols, 215
Buddhism under
the Mongols,
pg 230-231 Nestorian
Christianity under the Mongols, pg 230-231 Engagement of
Mongols with the Pope, pg. 231, 233 Alliance of the
Byzantine Empire with the Mongols, pg. 231
Muslims under
Mongol Rule,
pg 230-231, Sufism under the
Mongols,
pg. 229, 231, 236
Adoption of
Islam by Mongols, gradual and politic, pg. 231-234,
Chagatai Khanate, pg. 232-233, Religious
diversity under Chagatai Khanate, pg 232 Turko-Persianate
culture under the Mongols, pg. 231
Timurids Timur, pg. 6, 7, 206,
233-234, 273 House of
Chagatai,
founded by Timur, 233-234 Sufism under the
Timurids,
pg. 234-235 Sheikh Abdul Quddus
Gangohi,
pir of Ibrahim Lodhi, pg. 237 Sheikh Phul, pg. 238 Mohammad Ghaus, pg. 238-239 Shiekh Budh
Abdullah,
pg. 239 Sheikh Salim of
Fatehpur Sikri,
pg. 243 Naqshbandi Sufis, pg. 235-236,
241, 243-244 Chistia Silsila, pg. 242-244,
see also Baba Farid, Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti, Nizamuddin Auliya, Amir Khusroe Shattariya
Silsila,
pg. 238, 244 See also “Syncretism
in India - Jainism and Sufis of Gwalior”
See also “Syncretism
in India - shared metaphors and literary devices in Sufi and Bhakti literature”
Religion,
theorising about Ahimsa, creed
of, as a response to violence and instability in ancient times: pg. 36, 75 austerity and
renunciation
as a common axis for the diverse creeds of India and Greater Asia, pg. 196,
222 pattern of adoption
of new religion by tribal and nomadic peoples transitioning to settled
life, pg. 247-248 Blurred,
heterogeneous and composite religious identities in India and
wider region, pg. 248-249
Hindu Age, a
misnomer,
Chapter 3, 4, 14 to 18, generally; pg 7, 16, 17, 203, 251-253 (rivalry and
aggression among Hindu rajas during Delhi Sultanate forays into South India);
257 (Madurai Sultanate not challenged by Hindu rajas at the start); 265-266
(Hindu and Muslims in the Deccan unite against Mohammad bin Tughlaq); 273
(rivalry and aggression among Hindu rajas during Bahmani Sultanate); 284,
287, 289, 319 (rivalry and aggression among Hindu rajas in the age of the
Deccan Sultanates); 286-288 (Krishnadeva Raya’s support of the Bahmani
throne); 289, 302 (alliances between Vijayanagar and various Deccan Sultans);
304 (Vijayanagar seeks alliance with Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan); 310
(Alliance between Chikka Deva Wadiyar and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb); 314-315
(Ekoji’s usurpation of Tanjore throne from Hindu rajas); 318, 331-333
(conflict between Shivaji and Ekoji); 319 (Mysore Raja brutally represses and
taxes his Hindu subjects); 328 (Shivaji’s betrayals and raids of Hindu rajas
and merchants); 329-330 (Shivaji’s numerous alliances with Aurangzeb); 335 (Shivaji’s
praise for the Mughals, pg. 335); 335, 339-340 Shahaji (Shivaji’s grandson)
regard for the Mughals; 337, 340 (infighting and betrayal among the Marathas
after Shivaji); 306, 308, 310, 314, 319 (Mysore-Madurai wars); 309 (Mysore,
Madurai and Gingi challenge Vijayanagar); 319 (Madurai-Ramnad conflicts); 310
(Mysore and Vijayanagar challenge Madurai); 310 (Mysore attacks Kodavas of
Coorg and Keladi Unpopularity and
rebellions against Mohammad bin Tughlaq, the “Mad Sultan”, pg. 254-259.
But for friendly legends of Tughlaq, see pg. 153-156, 226
Jalaluddin Ahsan
Shah betrays Tughlaq to form Madurai Sultanate, pg., 255, 257
Zafar Khan in
the Deccan,
pg. 256 First rebellion of Zafar Khan
against Tughlaq, pg. 258
Rise of the
Telugu Nayakas,
pg. 252, 254, 256 Telugu Nayakas
secede from Tughlaq, pg. 257-258
Khusrau Khan’s
mutiny, and communalisation of the episode, pg. 254
Delhi
Sultanate’s engagement in the Deccan as heralding the age of modern Indian
polity, sowing the seeds of political union between North and South India, pg. 259-260
Turning the
mirror on Hindu society at the start of the Delhi Sultanate, implications
of closed attitude of Hindu society on the religious question under the
Sultans, pg. 260-263
Understanding medieval
South Indian kings as competitors and collaborators, not enemies, whether religious
or other Rise of Bahmani-Vijayanagar
Second rebellion
of Zafar Khan against Tughlaq, pg. 264 Alliance between
Kapala Nayaka and Zafar Khan, pg. 264 Expulsion of
Delhi Sultanate from the Deccan, pg. 264
the Bahmani-Vijayanagar
Complex, pg. 255, 258-259, 264, 266-268, 286
Alliances
between Bahmani Sultanate and surrounding Hindu rajas, pg. 265-266,
276 Inter-religious
conflict and wars in the Bahmani Age, pg. 271, 276-279 Expansion of
Vijayanagar Kingdom by defeating Hindu kingdoms, pg. 258, 277 Alliance of
Kapala Nayaka with Muslim Governor of Daulatabad, pg. 272
Balance of
Powers between Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Warangal, pg. 272
Treaty between
Vijayanagar and Bahmani Sultanate, pg. 272
Alliance of
Telugu Chiefs with Bahmani Sultanate, pg. 273
After Talikota Internecine
strife among Vijayanagar rayas, pg. 302, 304, 306 Alliances
between House of Vijayanagar and Deccan Sultans Alliances of Tirumala
with various Deccan Sultans, pg. 302 Alliance of Sriranga
with Sultan of Golconda, pg. 303 Alliance of Sriranga
III with Sultan of Bijapur, pg. 304 Sriranga of
Vijayanagar seeks alliance with Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, pg. 304
Rise of the
Wadiyars
in the Deccan theatre, pg. 304, 310 Alliance between
Chikka Deva Wadiyar and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, pg. 310 Conflict between
Madurai Nayakas and Mysore Wadiyars, pg. 306, 314, 319 Conflict between
Tanjore and Madurai Nayakas, pg. 306, 308, 314, 319 Conflict between
Sriranga III of Vijayanagar and Madurai Nayaka, pg. 310 Alliances of
Tanjore and Ginji with Bijapur Sultan, pg. 310 Mysore attacks
Tanjore,
pg. 310, 314, 319 Tanjore enlists
support of Bijapur Sultan against Madurai, pg. 314
Medieval South
India as a Global and Local Arena of Opportunity and Upward Mobility, pg. 191, 269, 271,
274-275, 277-279, 289, 311-313, 325, 330
Mixed armies of
the medieval South Indian kings, pg. 257, 270, 277, 331
Hindu Orthodoxy
repeatedly opposes the rise of brilliant new aspiring Hindu rajas, pg. 268-271,
330-332
Mughals establishment of, pg. 232, 237 Mughal inclusion
and assimilation with Rajputs, pg. 242 Deccan
Sultanates fight off the Mughals, pg. 313 Aurangzeb-Shivaji
saga,
Chapter 18
Religious
tolerance among the Mughals Babur’s warm
relations with the Shia Kingdom of Khwarizm, pg. 236 Sufism under the
Mughals,
pg. 237-244 Mughal
resistance of Muslim orthodoxy, pg. 241-244
Tradition of
dislike of Aurangzeb, exceptions/reflections, pg. 226, 319, 325-326 Aurangzeb and
the Sufis,
pg. 244 Chistia
disapproval of Aurangzeb, 244 Pallava Mahendravarman
pg. 164, 178 Iltutmish, pg.
214 – 216, see also “Sufis” Amir Khusroe,
pg. 206, 216, 218, 223-224 Harihara and
Bukka Raya, founders of Vijayanagar Kingdom, pg. 269-270 Feroze Shah
Bahmani, pg. 274 Inter-religious
Lingayat-Sufi cult of Ahmad Shah Bahmani, pg. 274 Krishnadeva
Raya, pg. 286, 288 Deva Raya II of
Vijayanagar, pg. 227 Rama Raya of
Vijayanagar, pg. 288-290 Ibrahim Adil
Shah I of Bijapur, pg. 289-290 Ibrahim Qutb
Shah of Golconda, “Ibrahim Chakravarti”, pg. 290-291 Ibrahim Adil Shah
II of Bijapur, “Jagat Guru”, pg. 291 Akbar, pg.
220-221; Chistia sufis and Akbar’s syncretic project for India, pg. 242-243; Ain-e-Akbari,
pg. 220-221; Sulh-i-Kul, pg. 243; Ibadat Khana, pg. 243; Nava Ratnas, pg.
240, 242 Abul Fazl, pg.
220-221, 242 Abdul Rahim
Khan-i-Khanan (“Rahim”), pg. 243 Tansen, pg. 240,
242 Kabir, pg.
155-156, Malik Ambar, pg.
313, 325 Shahaji Bhonsle
(Shivaji’s father), pg. 325 Shivaji, pg.
331-333 Tirumala Nayaka
of Madurai, pg. 309 Yusuf Khan, pg.
339 Haider Ali, pg. 88,
342 Tipu Sultan, pg.
268, 342-343
Encouragement of
European Powers by Hindu Rajas in the Deccan, pg. 270, 284,
287, 298, 303-304, 308 Portuguese in coastal
Tamil Nadu,
pg. 19, 304-305 Portuguese
policy of conversion in South India, pg. 305
Attacks on
Temples/Idols:
pg. 7, 47, 138-140, 162, 252, 298, 303, 319, 342
Mythology and
metaphor in Hinduism, pg. 176-177
Mangalsutra/Thali,
non-Hindu origins,
pg. 59
English/British
Rule,
pg. 9, 61, 219, 262, 349
Neo-Hindutva Neo-Hindutva imagery,
violation of millennia-old Hindu aesthetics, pg. 352-354 Neo-Hindutva project
for the youth, pg. 354-355 Grooming of Tourist
Guides:
pg. 52 Hindutva bullying
and intimidation tactics, pg. 10, 356-357 Spiritual crisis
and demoralisation in contemporary Hindu society, pg. 357-358 |
INDEX
BY SUBJECT
(see PDF version for page numbers)
|
A Abhiras, pg. 41 Adi
Shankaracharya, pg. 144-146 Advaita Vedanta,
pg. 145 Agastya, sage,
legends of, pg. 58 agrahara, pg. 139 Aiyangar, SK, pg.
7, 61-62 Ajatasatru, pg.
34-35 Ajaib-al-makluqat
wa gharaibul-mawjudat, pg. 174, 297-298 Amaravati School
of Art, pg. 19-21, 29 Andhra Ishkavakus,
pg. 21, 29, 62, 66-67, 95-96, 99, 139 apsidal, pg. 67 Annie Besant, pg.
9, 42-43 Anna Pavlova, pg.
9 Ashvamedha Yagya,
pg. 34, 139 Atilla the Hun,
pg. 184
Bahubali/Gomatesvara
of Shravana Belagola, pg. 39, 83, 143 Bhagavadgita, pg.
12, 172 Bhagavad Ajjukam,
pg. 164 Bharatanatyam,
pg. 2, 9, 181 Bimbisara, pg. 34
brahmadeyas, pg. 63,
124 Brihadisvara
Temple, pg. 51, 110-112, 140, 142 Buddha, the, pg.
34, 75, 144, 158-159
C Carnatic Trinity,
pg. 8 Chalukyas, pg.
19, 37, 42, 46, 49, 51, 54, 62, 121, 123, 138-139, 171, 174, 176, 179 Chatu Shashti
Kala, pg. 172-176 Chamatasri, pg.
96, see also Andhra Ishkavakus Chanakya/Kautilya,
pg. 35 Chauhans, pg.
203, 207 Cheras, pg.
14-17, 37, 45, 62, 74 Choda-Gangas, pg.
38 Chodas, Telugu,
pg. 53 Cholas, pg.
14-17, 36-38, 42, 45-54, 62, 74, 111, 117, 121, 138, 140-141, 160, 163,
178-179, 250
D Dasyu, pg. 59,
158 devabhogas, pg.
124 digvijaya, pg. 17
E Eastern Chalukyas,
pg. 38, 48, 52, 117 Ehuvala
Chamatamula, pg. 96, see also “Andhra Ishkavakus”
G Gandhara School
of Art, 19, 22, 24, 27, 29 Gangas, pg.
36-39, 45, 62, 74, 77-88, 117, 120-123, 138-140, 150-151, 177, 179, 287 Gatha Sattasai,
pg. 176
Rashtrakutas, pg.
19, 38, 42, 45-48, 52, 54, 62, 139, 176-177 Reddys, pg. 85,
179, 258, 278, 273, 274 Rig Veda, pg.
57-58, 63, 167 Rukmini Devi
Arundale, pg. 9
S Sastri, Nilakanta,
pg. 7, 61-63 Satvahanas, pg.
19, 28, 29, 30, 41, 62, 66, 77, 95-96, 123, 139, 162, 176 Sendrakas, pg. 38
Setupatis, pg. 42,
161, 246, 304, 306, 308, 310, 319-323 Shaivites, pg. 3,
117, 139-141, 148-149, 150-153, 159-161, 163-164, 199, 225, 227 Silappadikaram,
pg. 17, 74, 178
T Taila
Chalukyas/Kalyana Chalukyas, pg. 48-49, 52-53, 178 Theosophical
Society of Madras, pg. 8-9 Thyagaraja Music
Festival, pg. 8 Tsengrism, pg.
11, 184
V Vaishnavites, pg.
3, 117, 124, 139, 141, 148-149, 151-153 Vakatakas, pg.
29, 46, 176 “vassal”, pg. 6
Y Yadavas (Seunas),
pg. 48, 51, 140, 250-255, Chapter 14 |
Gita Govinda of
Jayadeva, pg. 224 Gotmiputra
(Gautamiputra) Satakarni, pg. 77, also see Satvahanas, generally Guptas, pg. 40
H Harsha, king, pg.
46 Hoysalas, pg.
51-52, 54, 62, 152, 163, 168, 171, 179, 251, Chapter 15 to 16
K Kadambas, pg. 37,
46, 120, 123, 139, 176 Kakatiyas, pg.
52-53 Kalabhras, pg.
45, 47 Kalachuris, pg.
53 Kamasutra, pg.
176 Kapala Nayaka,
pg. 257-258, 265 Karguddi, pg. 51 Katyayana, pg. 14 Kitab-e-Nauras,
pg. 294-295 Kshatrapas/Mahakshatrapas,
pg. 29, 41, 77
L Lata Chalukyas,
pg. 19 Lebbai community
of Tamil Nadu, pg. 246
M Maduraikkanji,
pg. 74 Mahabharata, pg.
12, 34, 53, 242 Mahavir, pg. 75,
144, 158-159 Manimekalai, pg.
165 Mathura School of
Art, 19, 23, 29 matts, pg.
144-145 Mattavilasa
Prahasana, pg. 164 Meander
(Milinda), Bactrian Buddhist King, pg. 211 Musical Rock
Inscription, Arachalur, Erode, pg. 73 Mutharaiyars, pg.
47 Muthuswamy
Dikshitar, pg. 138
N Nandas, pg. 35,
138 Natyashastra, pg.
12, 30-31, 171, 177, 181, 219 Navarasas, pg.
181, 294-295 niroshthya kavya,
pg. 174
P Pallavas, pg. 19,
37, 42, 45-47, 53, 62, 138, 140, 173, 178, 210 Pem Nem, pg. 281,
297 Pandyas, pg.
14-17, 42, 45, 51-53, 62, 74, 209, 250, 252 Paramaras, pg.
48, 49
R Raichur Doab, pg.
256, 266 Ramanujacharya,
pg. 144, 146, 148-155, 151-152 Ramayana, pg. 12,
59, 63, 158, 172, 175, 242
|
Cover Inset: Surya Namaskar by Sayed Haider Raza.
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